References for text, tables and figures
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2. Asthma and Factors Affecting it
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3. The Global Burden of Asthma
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Figures 1 and 2 sources: García-Marcos L, Asher MI, Pearce N, et al. The burden of asthma, hay fever and eczema in children in 25 countries. GAN Phase I study. Eur Respir J 2022; 2102866. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02866-2021. Online ahead of print;
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Figure 3 source: Mortimer K, Lesosky M, García-Marcos L, et al. The burden of asthma, hay fever and eczema in adults in 17 countries: GAN Phase I study. Eur Respir J 2022; 2102865. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02865-2021.
Figure 4 sources: García-Marcos L, Asher MI, Pearce N, et al. The burden of asthma, hay fever and eczema in children in 25 countries. GAN Phase I study. Eur Respir J 2022; 2102866. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02866-2021. Online ahead of print;
Mortimer K, Lesosky M, García-Marcos L, et al. The burden of asthma, hay fever and eczema in adults in 17 countries: GAN Phase I study. Eur Respir J 2022; 2102865. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02865-2021. Epub ahead of print.
4. Asthma Deaths
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Figure 1 sources: WHO Mortality Database updated from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/mortality_rawdata/en/ [version dated 1 October 2017].
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Figure 3 sources: Anderson HR, Gupta R, Kapetanakis V, et al. International correlations between indicators of prevalence, hospital admissions and mortality for asthma in children. Int J Epidemiol 2008;37:573-82.;
Pearce N, Aït-Khaled N, Beasley R, et al. Worldwide trends in the prevalence of asthama symptoms: Phase III of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax 2007;62:758-66.
Figure 4 source: Asher MI, Rutter CE, Bissell K, et al. Is the worldwide burden of asthma symptoms in school children changing? Global Asthma Network Phase I: repeated cross-sectional studies. Lancet 2021;398:1569-80.
5. Global Asthma Management and Asthma Control
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Figures 1 and 2 source: García-Marcos L, Chiang C-Y, Asher MI, et al. Asthma management and control in children, adolescents, and adults in 25 countries: a Global Asthma Network Phase I cross-sectional study. Lancet Global Health 2023; 11: e218–28.
6. COVID-19 and Asthma
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Figures 1, 2 and table source: Chiang C-Y, Ellwood P, Ellwood E, et al. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 among children with asthma: evidence from Global Asthma Network. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2022; 33:e13709 doi: 10.1111/pai.13709.
7. Asthma in the African region
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Ozoh OB, Aderibigbe SA, Ayuk AC, et al. The prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in Nigeria: A nationwide survey among children, adolescents and adults. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0222281.
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South Africa Table sources: Asher MI, Rutter CE, Bissell K, et al. Is the worldwide burden of asthma symptoms in school children changing? Global Asthma Network Phase I: repeated cross-sectional studies. Lancet 2021;398:1569-80;
Zar HJ, Ehrlich RI, Workman L, Weinberg EG. The changing prevalence of asthma from 1995 to 2002. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007;18:560-565.
8. Asthma in the Region of the Americas
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9. Asthma in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
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Chiang C-Y, Aït-Khaled N, Bissell K, Enarson DA. Management of asthma in resource-limited settings: role of low cost corticosteroid/β-agonist combination inhaler. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015;19:129–136.
El Sony A, Chiang C-Y, Malik E, et al. Standard case management of asthma in Sudan: a pilot project. Public Health Action. 2013 Sep 21;3:247–252.
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Sudan Figure 1 source: El Sony A, Chiang C-Y, Malik E, et al. Standard case management of asthma in Sudan: a pilot project. Public Health Action. 2013 Sep 21;3:247–252.
Figures 2 and 3 source: El Sony A et al. The International Multidisciplinary Programme to Address Lung Health and TB in Africa “IMPALA” unpublished.
Table sources: Asher MI, Rutter CE, Bissell K, et al. Is the worldwide burden of asthma symptoms in school children changing? Global Asthma Network Phase I: repeated cross-sectional studies. Lancet 2021;398:1569-80;
Lai CKW, Beasley R, Crane J, et al. Global variation in the prevalence and severity of asthma symptoms: Phase Three of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Thorax 2009; 64: 476–483;
The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma symptoms: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Eur Respir J 1998; 12: 315-335.
10. Asthma in the European Region
Banteva MN, Manoshkina EM, Sokolovskaya TA, Matveev EN. Trends in incidence and dynamics of chronic pathology in children aged 0-14 in the Russian Federation. Social’nye aspekty zdorov’a naselenia / Social aspects of population health [serial online] 2019; 65(5):10. Available from: http://vestnik.mednet.ru/content/view/1105/30/lang,ru/. (In Rus).
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11. Asthma in the South-East Asian Region
Danansuriya MN, Rajapaksa LC, Weerasinghe A. Genetic, familial and environmental correlates of asthma among early adolescents in Sri Lanka: a case control study. World Allergy Organization Journal 2015; 8:19.
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Nandasena S, Wickremasinghe AR, Sathiakumar N. Respiratory health status of children from two different air pollution exposure settings of Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study. Am J Ind Med. 2012;55:1137–45.
Senaratne R & Mendis S (Editors). (2018). Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases: Think Globally - Act Locally; Lessons from Sri Lanka. Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine, Sri Lanka. ISBN 978- 955 -3666-20 - 8.
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12. Asthma in the Western Pacific Region
Asher MI, Rutter CE, Bissell K, et al. Worldwide trends in the burden of asthma symptoms in school-aged children: Global Asthma Network Phase I cross-sectional study. Lancet 2021;398:1569-1580.
Asher MI, Stewart AW, Clayton T, et al. Has the prevalence and severity of symptoms of asthma changed among children in New Zealand? ISAAC Phase Three. NZ Medical J 2008; 121, 52-63.
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Hsieh KH, Shen JJ. Prevalence of childhood asthma in Taipei, Taiwan, and other Asian Pacific countries. J Asthma 1988;25:73-82.
Li J, Wang H, Chen Y, et al. House dust mite sensitization is the main risk factor for the increase in prevalence of wheeze in 13-to-14-year-old schoolchildren in Guangzhou city, China. Clin Exp Allergy 2013;43:1171-79.
Yan DC, Ou LS, Tsai TL, et al. Prevalence and severity of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in 13- to 14-year-old children in Taipei, Taiwan. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;95:579-85.
Yeh KW, Chiang LC, Huang JL. Epidemiology and current status of asthma and associated allergic diseases in Taiwan- ARIA Asia-Pacific Workshop report. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2008;26:257-64.
Taiwan Figure 1 source: Asher MI, Rutter CE, Bissell K, et al. Is the worldwide burden of asthma symptoms in school children changing? Global Asthma Network Phase I: repeated cross-sectional studies. Lancet 2021;398:1569-80.
New Zealand Table source: Asher MI, Rutter CE, Bissell K, et al. Is the worldwide burden of asthma symptoms in school children changing? Global Asthma Network Phase I: repeated cross-sectional studies. Lancet 2021; 398:1569-80.
13. New Approaches with Asthma Medicines
Chiang C-Y, Aït-Khaled N, Bissell K, Enarson DA. Management of asthma in resource-limited settings: role of low cost corticosteroid/β-agonist combination inhaler. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015;19:129–136.
Crossingham I, Turner S, Ramakrishnan S, et al. Combination fixed‐dose beta agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021; 5(5):CD013518. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013518.pub2.
Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma management and prevention, 2021. Available from: www.ginasthma.org.
O’Byrne PM, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, et al. Inhaled Combined Budesonide–Formoterol as Needed in Mild Asthma. New Engl J Med 2018; 378: 1865-76.
Reddel HK, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, et al. GINA 2019: a fundamental change in asthma management. Eur Respir J 2019; 53: 1901046.
14. Asthma in the Context of other Chronic Respiratory Diseases in LMICs.
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van Gassel RJJ, Bels J, Remij L, et al. Functional Outcomes and Their Association With Physical Performance in Mechanically Ventilated Coronavirus Disease 2019 Survivors at 3 Months Following Hospital Discharge: A Cohort Study. Crit Care Med 2021;49:1726-1738.
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Figures 1 and 2 source: Meghji J, Mortimer K, Agusti A, et al. Improving lung health in low-income and middle-income countries: from challenges to solutions. Lancet 2021; 397: 928-40.
15. Improving Access to Essential Asthma Medicines
Ozoh OB, Eze JN, Garba BI, et al. Nationwide survey of the availability and affordability of asthma and COPD medicines in Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health 2021;26:54-65.
Plum C, Stolbrink M, Zurba L, et al. Availability of diagnostic services and essential medicines for non-communicable respiratory diseases in African countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021;25:120-125.
Sanyang B, Jagne E, Sefa N, Touray S. Availability, cost, and affordability of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease medications in The Gambia. J Pan Afr Thorac Soc 2021;2:33-41.
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World Health Organization. Selection of essential medicines at country level: using the WHO model list of essential medicines to update a national essential medicines list. World Health Organization, 2020.
Figure 1 source: Ozoh OB, Eze JN, Garba BI, Ojo OO, Okorie EM, Yiltok E et al. Nationwide survey of the availability and affordability of asthma and COPD medicines in Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health 2021;26:54-65. Doi:10.1111/tmi.13497.
Figures 2 and 3 source: Plum C, Stolbrink M, Zurba L, Bissell K, Ozoh BO, Mortimer K. Availability of diagnostic services and essential medicines for non-communicable respiratory diseases in African countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021;25:120-125.
16. Asthma Management in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Aït-Khaled N, Enarson DA, Management of Asthma: the essentials of good clinical practice. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:133-7.
Chiang C-Y, Aït-Khaled N, Bissell K, Enarson DA. Management of asthma in resource-limited settings: role of low cost corticosteroid/β-agonist combination inhaler. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2015;19:129–136.
Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma management and prevention, 2021. Available from: www.ginasthma.org.
Reddel HK, FitzGerald JM, Bateman ED, et al. GINA 2019: a fundamental change in asthma management. Eur Respir J. 2019; 53:1901046.
WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Practical Approach to Lung Health: Manual on Initiating PAL Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization 2008.
17. The Role of Patient Advocacy
Global Partnership to Roll Back Malaria. (2000). RBM advocacy guide. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66634.
Haughney J, Winders TA, Holmes S, et al. Global Quality Standard for Identification and Management of Severe Asthma. Advances in Therapy 2020;37: 3645‐3659.
Mathioudakis AG, Custovic A, Deschildre A, et al. Research Priorities in Pediatric Asthma: Results of a Global Survey of Multiple Stakeholder Groups by the Pediatric Asthma in Real Life (PeARL) Think Tank. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020; 8:1953-1960.
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Winders T, Maspero J, Callan L, Al-Ahmad M. Perspectives on Decisions for Treatment and Care in Severe Asthma. World Allergy Organization Journal 2021;14:100500.
Winders TA, Wilson AM, Fletcher MJ, et al. A patient-centered description of severe asthma: Patient understanding leading to assessment for a severe asthma referral (PULSAR). Patient 2019;12:539‐549.
18. Asthma, Climate Change and Planetary Health
Clean air statement-International Day of Clean Air for Blue Skies https://www.cleanairblueskies.org/statement/message-international-day-clean-air-blue-skies-un-secretary-general-antonio-guterres.
https://www.ersnet.org/news-and-features/news/ers-publishes-position-statement-asthma-environment/.
Sanson A, Van Hoorn J, Burke S. Responding to the Impacts of the Climate Crisis on Children and Youth. Child Development Perspectives 2019;13:201-207.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Clear the air for children. The impact of air pollution on children. UNICEF October 2016 ISBN: 978-92-806-4854.
World Bank; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action. World Bank, Washington, 2016. DC.
